‘741杨’D2类细胞周期蛋白基因的克隆及功能鉴定

D类细胞周期蛋白(D-type cyclin,CYCD)调控细胞周期G1/S期转变。CYCD与细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin-dependent kinase,CDK)结合形成CYCD/CDK复合物,被激活的CYCD/CDK复合物通过磷酸化下游细胞周期响应因子调控细胞周期有序进行,进而影响植物的生长发育。该研究以‘741杨’为实验材料,成功鉴定得到1个D2类细胞周期蛋白基因(PtoCYCD2;1)。研究表明:(1)实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)显示,PtoCYCD2;1基因在根、茎、叶、叶柄、树皮和木质部中均有表达,在叶中的相对表达水平最高。(2)亚细胞定位表明PtoCYCD2;1蛋白定位于细胞核。(3)与野生型(Wild-Type poplar,WT)相比,过表达PtoCYCD2;1基因的‘741杨’出现株高降低,茎直径减小,叶片明显下卷的表型。(4)扫描电镜分析(SEM)显示,转基因杨树叶片的上表皮细胞平均面积变小,细胞数量增多;树脂切片结果显示与WT相比,转基因杨树叶片的栅栏组织和海绵组织的细胞间隙疏松。(5)qRT-PCR结果显示,转基因杨树中细胞周期调控基因CDKA;1、CDKB1;1和CDKB2;1的表达水平显著上调,植物成视网膜细胞瘤相关蛋白1(retinoblastoma-related protein1,RBR1)基因、细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制因子(kip-related protein,KRP)基因的表达水平显著下调。该研究结果为进一步研究木本植物CYCD2基因的功能奠定了基础。     

大腹园蛛管状腺丝重组蛋白的克隆表达及纺丝

TuSp1蛋白(tubuliform spidroin 1)是管状腺丝(tubuliform silkfiber)的主要组成成分。管状腺丝作为蛛丝卵袋的外层包卵丝,其结构具有很好的耐腐蚀性和良好的力学性能。目前国内外对大腹园蛛TuSp1蛋白的研究很少,仅有一条基因序列的报道。本课题首次构建含大腹园蛛N端非重复结构域、重复单元以及C端非重复结构域的重组管状腺丝蛋白TuSp1 NT-Rp-CT,并经湿法纺丝获得重组蛋白丝纤维。重组蛋白液圆二色谱分析结果显示,pH由7.0降低到5.5的过程中,始终保持稳定的α-螺旋构象;重组蛋白丝纤维的傅里叶变换红外光谱结果显示,丝纤维中主要二级结构为β-折叠及β-转角;经扫描电镜观察发现,冻干的絮状重组蛋白能自组装成丝纤维,且表面光滑纤细;湿纺后的重组蛋白丝纤维直径较粗,但表面较平整均匀,具有类似天然管状腺丝的形态特征,这些为TuSp1蛋白的成丝机理及仿生纺丝研究提供了理论依据。     

中亚热带典型人工林土壤酶活性及其化学计量特征

以中亚热带典型的马尾松林、湿地松林和马尾松-木荷混交林(针阔混交林)为研究对象,分析不同林分类型下0～10和10～20 cm土层的β-D-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)、多酚氧化酶(POX)、过氧化物酶(POD)6种土壤酶活性,以及酶化学计量比及土壤理化性质特征,分析驱动中亚热带典型林分类型土壤酶活性及其计量比变异的主要因素。结果表明: 林分类型显著影响了土壤BG和LAP活性,表现为湿地松林10～20 cm土层土壤BG显著高于马尾松林,而LAP在马尾松林最高;湿地松林10～20 cm土层土壤BG/(NAG+LAP)、BG/AP显著高于马尾松林,而马尾松林(NAG+LAP)/AP显著高于湿地松林和针阔混交林;林分类型间酶化学计量的向量长度在10～20 cm土层差异显著,表现为湿地松林>针阔混交林>马尾松林。3种人工林酶化学计量的向量角度均大于45°,其中在湿地松林10～20 cm土层向量角度显著大于马尾松林。冗余分析表明,土壤碳质量指数和有机碳与全磷的比值(C/P)以及土壤含水量和C/P分别是0～10和10～20 cm土层土壤酶活性及其化学计量的关键影响因素,土壤碳和磷的数量和质量,以及土壤含水量在调节中亚热带人工林生态系统养分循环中发挥关键作用。     

石灰碳铵熏蒸联合生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病和细菌群落的影响

以连续种植的香蕉枯萎病高发病蕉园为试验点,通过实时定量PCR和高通量测序等方法,研究了田间条件下石灰碳铵熏蒸联合生物有机肥施用对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果,以及对土壤细菌群落结构和组成的影响。结果表明: 与不熏蒸施用有机肥(OF)相比,香蕉枯萎病发病率在施用有机肥前使用石灰碳铵进行熏蒸处理(LAOF)和施用生物有机肥前使用石灰碳铵进行熏蒸处理(LABF)中分别降低了13.3%和21.7%,病原菌的拷贝数分别降低了22.4%和33.0%。与OF处理相比,石灰碳铵熏蒸联合不同肥料施用均显著降低了细菌的丰富度和多样性,形成了明显不同的群落结构,且熏蒸对群落组成的差异产生了决定性的影响。LABF的细菌丰富度和多样性均低于其他处理,群落组成也与其他处理存在明显差异。与OF处理相比,熏蒸处理(LAOF和LABF)显著增加了土壤中水恒杆菌、布鲁式菌和漯河杆菌属的相对丰度,且在LABF中的相对丰度均高于LAOF,水恒杆菌和布鲁式菌的相对丰度差异显著。在田间条件下,施用生物有机肥之前使用石灰碳铵进行熏蒸处理能够显著降低病原菌数量,改变土壤细菌群落结构,激发土壤有益微生物,从而减少香蕉枯萎病的发生。     

南京地区早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎病原体特点和益生菌干预效果及预后影响因素分析

目的探究南京地区早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的病原体特点,并观察益生菌辅助治疗对患儿血清炎症因子水平的影响,分析影响NEC早产儿预后的因素。方法将2014年5月至2018年12月于东南大学附属中大医院就诊的87例NEC早产儿选为研究对象,分析其病原体特点,观察不同治疗方法对患儿血清炎症因子的影响,并通过Logistic回归分析影响NEC患儿预后的危险因素。结果革兰阴性菌是NEC早产儿的主要致病菌,主要包括肺炎克雷伯菌(25株,27.78%)和大肠埃希菌(21株,23.33%)。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南/西司他丁、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、多粘菌素和阿米卡星敏感。益生菌干预后的NEC早产儿血清IL-1β、IL-10、TNF-α水平及TLR4的表达均显著低于常规治疗患儿(均P0.05)。发病前3 d内输血、新生儿窒息、益生菌干预、非营养性吮吸、腹膜炎、败血症、加奶速度、PDA均是影响NEC早产儿预后的相关因素(均P0.05),其中发病前3 d内输血、新生儿窒息、加奶速度、PDA是影响NEC早产儿预后的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论革兰阴性菌是NEC早产儿的主要致病菌,益生菌干预可有效降低NEC早产儿血清炎症因子水平。对于NEC早产儿的治疗可选用碳青霉烯类、氨基糖苷类等抗生素,同时需关注影响NEC早产儿预后的独立危险因素。     

6-gingerol protects nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells from oxidative injury by activating autophagy

BACKGROUNDTo date, there has been no effective treatment for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells (NPMSCs) showed encouraging results in IDD treatment, but the overexpression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) impaired the endogenous repair abilities of NPMSCs. 6-gingerol (6-GIN) is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory reagent that might protect NPMSCs from injury.AIMTo investigate the effect of 6-GIN on NPMSCs under oxidative conditions and the potential mechanism.METHODSThe cholecystokinin-8 assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide and the protective effects of 6-GIN. ROS levels were measured by 2´7´-dichlorofluorescin diacetate analysis. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was detected by the tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide assay. TUNEL assay and Annexin V/PI double-staining were used to determine the apoptosis rate. Additionally, autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, LC-3, and p62), apoptosis-associated proteins (Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3), and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-related proteins (PI3K and Akt) were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Autophagosomes were detected by transmission electron microscopy in NPMSCs. LC-3 was also detected by immunofluorescence. The mRNA expression of collagen II and aggrecan was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the changes in collagen II and MMP-13 expression were verified through an immunofluorescence assay.RESULTS6-GIN exhibited protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in NPMSCs, decreased hydrogen peroxide-induced intracellular ROS levels, and inhibited cell apoptosis. 6-GIN could increase Bcl-2 expression and decrease Bax and caspase-3 expression. The MMP, Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry and TUNEL assay results further confirmed that 6-GIN treatment significantly inhibited NPMSC apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide. 6-GIN treatment promoted extracellular matrix (ECM) expression by reducing the oxidative stress injury-induced increase in MMP-13 expression. 6-GIN activated autophagy by increasing the expression of autophagy-related markers (Beclin-1 and LC-3) and decreasing the expression of p62. Autophagosomes were visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Pretreatment with 3-MA and BAF further confirmed that 6-GIN-mediated stimulation of autophagy did not reduce autophagosome turnover but increased autophagic flux. The PI3K/Akt pathway was also found to be activated by 6-GIN. 6-GIN inhibited NPMSC apoptosis and ECM degeneration, in which autophagy and the PI3K/Akt pathway were involved.CONCLUSION6-GIN efficiently decreases ROS levels, attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced NPMSCs apoptosis, and protects the ECM from degeneration. 6-GIN is a promising candidate for treating IDD.     

An undiscovered facet of hydraulic redistribution driven by evaporation—a study from a Populus tomentosa plantation

Maintaining the activity and function of the shallow root system of plants is essential for withstanding drought stress, but the associated mechanism is poorly understood. By investigating sap flow in 14 lateral roots (LRs) randomly selected from trees of a Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa) plantation receiving three levels of irrigation, an unknown root water transport mode of simultaneous daytime bi-directional water flow was discovered. This mode existed in five LRs confined to the surface soil without attached sinker roots. In the longer term, the bi-directional water flow was correlated with the soil water content. However, within the day, it was associated with transpiration. Our data demonstrated that bi-directional root sap flow occurred during the day, and was driven by evaporative demand, further suggesting the existence of circumferential water movement in the LR xylem. We named this phenomenon evaporation-driven hydraulic redistribution (EDHR). A soil-root water transport model was proposed to encapsulate this water movement mode. EDHR may be a crucial drought-tolerance mechanism that allows plants to maintain shallow root survival and activity by promoting root water recharge under extremely dry conditions.     

Exogenous spermidine enhances Epichloë endophyte-induced tolerance to NaCl stress in wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum)

Plant and Soil - We investigated morphological variations in podzols caused by changes in soil porosity and permeability upon the growth of large tree-roots in a tropical barrier island (Ilha...     

Rcs双组分调节系统对细菌环境应答的分子调控研究进展

荚膜异多糖酸合成调节(Regulator of Capsule Synthesis,Rcs)系统是存在于许多肠杆菌科细菌中非典型的双组分调节系统,由3种核心蛋白(跨膜感应激酶RcsC、跨膜蛋白RcsD和响应调节剂RcsB)及多种辅助蛋白共同构成。Rcs系统能整合环境信号、调节基因表达并改变细菌的生理行为。近年来,对细菌Rcs系统环境应答机制的探索成为一个新的研究热点。本文重点综述Rcs系统上游信号的感知与传导、Rcs系统调节的下游靶基因及其生命现象,以期能增进对细菌Rcs系统的认识,同时为细菌的安全控制、感染预防和治疗新方案的开发提供参考。